Elastomer-based polymeric compositions having amorphous silica fillers

ABSTRACT

Polymeric compositions suitable for use as insulation materials in electrical applications. Such polymeric compositions comprise an ethylene/α-olefin-based elastomer and a filler, where the filler consists essentially of an amorphous silica. Such polymeric compositions can optionally further comprise an ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer. Also disclosed are coated conductors comprising such polymeric compositions as insulation materials.

FIELD

Various embodiments of the present invention relate to elastomer-basedpolymeric compositions comprising amorphous silica fillers. Otheraspects of the invention concern articles of manufacture comprising suchelastomer-based polymeric compositions as electrical insulationmaterials, such as in wires and cables.

INTRODUCTION

Currently, elastomer-based polymeric compounds used as electricallyinsulating materials employ approximately 60 parts-per-hundred polymer(“phr”) clay to achieve good processing performance in flexible cableapplications. Clay fillers are generally required components of thepolymeric composition since the elastomer extrudate quality is very poorat peroxide crosslink melt temperatures. Clay fillers resolve this issueby providing acceptable melt extrudate quality as well as providingsufficient melt strength to maintain cable concentricity. Unfortunately,clay fillers also increase the electrical loss properties of thecompound (e.g., cause a high tan delta) to a level much higher than theneat elastomer. Accordingly, improvements are desired regarding fillermaterials for such elastomer-based polymeric compounds intended for useas electrical insulation materials.

SUMMARY

One embodiment is a polymeric composition for use in coated conductors,said polymeric composition comprising:

-   -   (a) an ethylene/α-olefin-based elastomer; and    -   (b) a filler,        wherein said filler consists essentially of an amorphous silica.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments of the present invention concern elastomer-basedpolymeric compositions. These compositions comprise an elastomer and afiller, where the filler consists essentially of an amorphous silica.These compositions may also optionally comprise an ethylene-basedthermoplastic polymer. Such polymeric compositions can be suitable foruse as electrical insulating materials in wire or cable applications.

Polymeric Composition

As noted above, one component of the polymeric compositions describedherein is an elastomer (i.e., an elastomeric polymer). As used herein,“elastomer” denotes a polymer having viscoelasticity, and can be eithera thermoset or a thermoplastic. “Polymer” means a macromolecularcompound prepared by reacting (i.e., polymerizing) monomers of the sameor different type. “Polymer” includes homopolymers and interpolymers.“Interpolymer” means a polymer prepared by the polymerization of atleast two different monomer types. This generic term includes copolymers(usually employed to refer to polymers prepared from two differentmonomer types), and polymers prepared from more than two differentmonomer types (e.g., terpolymers (three different monomer types) andtetrapolymers (four different monomer types)). In an embodiment, theelastomer is a thermoplastic elastomer.

Elastomers suitable for use herein are ethylene/alpha-olefin(“α-olefin”) elastomers, which can optionally also have polymerizedtherein one or more types of diene monomers (e.g., an “EPDM” elastomer).Thus, in various embodiments, the elastomer is an interpolymer havingpolymerized therein ethylene and an α-olefin comonomer. In oneembodiment, the elastomer is a homogeneously branched linearethylene/α-olefin copolymer or a homogeneously branched, substantiallylinear ethylene/α-olefin copolymer. The α-olefin monomers suitable foruse in the elastomer component include C₃₋₂₀ (i.e., having 3 to 20carbon atoms) linear, branched, or cyclic α-olefins. Examples of C₃₋₂₀α-olefins include propene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene,1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, and1-octadecene. The α-olefins can also have a cyclic structure such ascyclohexane or cyclopentane, resulting in an α-olefin such as3-cyclohexyl-1-propene (allyl cyclohexane) and vinyl cyclohexane.Illustrative ethylene/α-olefin elastomers include ethylene/propylene,ethylene/butene, ethylene/1-hexene, ethylene/1-octene, ethylene/styrene,ethylene/propylene/1-octene, ethylene/propylene/butene, andethylene/butene/1-octene. In one or more embodiments, the elastomer canbe selected from the group consisting of an ethylene/propylenecopolymer, an ethylene/α-butene copolymer, an ethylene/α-hexenecopolymer, an ethylene/α-octene copolymer, an EPDM, or combinations oftwo or more thereof. In various embodiments, the elastomer is acopolymer of ethylene/α-butene, ethylene/α-hexene, ethylene/α-octene, orcombinations of two or more thereof. In an embodiment, the elastomer isan EPDM.

Elastomers suitable for use herein can have a density ranging from 0.85to 0.93 g/cm³, 0.86 to 0.91 g/cm³, from 0.86 to 0.90 g/cm³, or from 0.86to 0.89 g/cm³. Polymer densities provided herein are determinedaccording to ASTM International (“ASTM”) method D792 or D1505.Elastomers suitable for use herein can have a melt index (I₂) rangingfrom 0.1 to 30 g/10 min., from 0.1 to 15 g/10 min., from 0.2 to 10 g/10min., from 0.3 to 5 g/10 min., or from 0.5 to 2 g/10 min. Melt indicesprovided herein are determined according to ASTM method D1238. Unlessotherwise noted, melt indices are determined at 190° C. and 2.16 Kg(a.k.a., I₂). Elastomers suitable for use can have a Mooney viscosity ML1+4 @ 121 ° C. or 125 ° C. in the range of from 10 to 90, from 15 to 70or from 15 to 30. Mooney viscosity is determined according to ASTMD1646, where M represents Mooney, L represents a large rotor, 1represents a 1 minute preheat time, 4 represents a 4-minute mark afterstarting the motor at which the reading is taken, and 121 or 125° C.represents the test temperature.

Production processes used for preparing the above-described elastomersare wide, varied, and known in the art. Any conventional or hereafterdiscovered production process for producing elastomers having theproperties described above may be employed for preparing the elastomersdescribed herein.

Commercial examples of elastomers suitable for use herein includeENGAGE™ polyolefin elastomers (e.g., ENGAGE™ 8100, 8003, 8401, 8411,8842, 8200, 7447, or 7467 polyolefin elastomers); AFFINITY™ polyolefinplastomers; and NORDEL™ IP EPDM elastomers, all available from The DowChemical Company, Midland, Mich., USA. Additional commercially availableelastomers include EXACT™ plastomers and VISTALON™ EPDM rubber, allavailable from ExxonMobil Chemical, Houston, Tex., USA.

In an embodiment, the ethylene/α-olefin-based elastomer can comprise acombination of any two or more of the above-describedethylene/α-olefin-based elastomers.

As noted above, the polymeric composition comprises a filler, whichconsists essentially of an amorphous silica. In other words, thepolymeric composition does not contain more than trace amounts (e.g., 10parts per million based on the entire polymeric composition weight) ofany other filler material. In an embodiment, the filler consists ofamorphous silica. The term “filler” denotes a chemically inert inorganicmaterial. “Amorphous silica” denotes an inorganic filler that isamorphous (i.e., non-crystalline or low crystallinity) silicon dioxide(“SiO₂”). Amorphous silica lacks a long range order, and is to bedistinguished from crystalline silica (i.e., quartz). Amorphous silicaincludes “fused quartz” or “fused silica,” which are silica glass ofamorphous silica. These are made by melting crystalline silica(naturally occurring quartz) into a non-crystalline form. Additionally,synthetic fused silica can be manufactured through pyrolysis of silicontetrachloride or vaporized quartz to form tiny droplets of amorphoussilica which fuse into an articulated structure of particles. Such aform of synthetic fused silica is also known as fumed silica. Amorphoussilica may also be precipitated from solution to form small porousparticles which can fuse together in chains. Such a form of silica isknown as a silica gel, which can be used to form silica aerogels.Adjusting the solution pH can keep the particles separated to formlarger individual particles commonly referred to as precipitated silicaor silica sols, all of which are forms of amorphous silica. In variousembodiments, the amorphous silica is solid at 22° C. and standardatmospheric pressure. In an embodiment, the amorphous silica is selectedfrom the group consisting of silica aerogels, fumed silica, andcombinations thereof.

In various embodiments, particularly when a fumed silica is employed asthe amorphous silica filler, the amorphous silica can be treated with asurface treatment. Such surface treatments include, but are not limitedto, polydimethylsiloxane coatings and vinyl alkoxy silanes. Generally,such surface treatments will constitute no more than 10 weight percent(“wt %”) of the entire filler material, and may generally be less than 5wt %, based on the entire filler weight.

As noted above, the polymeric composition contains no more than traceamounts of any filler (i.e., chemically inert inorganic material) otherthan the amorphous silica. Such other fillers include, but are notlimited to, materials composed of metal cations and silicates, such asclay (which is aluminum silicate, or Al(SiO₄ ⁴⁻)), talc (which ismagnesium silicate, or Mg₃(SiO₃)₄), sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₂(OH)₂), andcalcium silicate (Ca₂SiO₄), among others. Other filler types intended tobe excluded include metal hydrates (such as magnesium hydroxide andaluminum hydroxide), metal carbonic acids (such as calcium carbonate),certain inert metal oxides (such as magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide),and carbon black.

In contrast to other filler types, conventional additives used inelectrical insulation materials are not particularly excluded from usein the present polymeric composition. Such conventional additivesinclude, for example, antioxidants, coupling agents, ultravioletabsorbers or stabilizers, antistatic agents, pigments, dyes, nucleatingagents, polymer additives, slip agents, plasticizers, processing aids,lubricants, viscosity control agents, tackifiers, anti-blocking agents,surfactants, extender oils, metal deactivators, voltage stabilizers,crosslinking agents, boosters, and catalysts. Additives can be added inamounts ranging from less than about 0.1 to more than about 200 parts byweight for each 100 parts by weight of the base polymer.

Examples of antioxidants are as follows, but are not limited to:hindered phenols such astetrakis[methylene(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydro-cinnamate)]methane,bis[beta-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-methylcarboxyethyl)]sulphide,4,4′-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),4,4′-thiobis(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol),2,2′-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), and thiodiethylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy)hydrocinnamate; phosphites andphosphonites such as tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite anddi-tert-butylphenyl-phosphonite; thio compounds such asdilaurylthiodipropionate, dimyristylthiodipropionate, anddistearylthiodipropionate; various siloxanes; various amines, such aspolymerized 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline,n,n′-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl-p-phenylenediamine), alkylateddiphenylamines, 4,4′-bis(alpha, alpha-dimethylbenzyl)diphenylamine,diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, mixed di-aryl-p-phenylenediamines, andother hindered amine anti-degradants or stabilizers;bis[(beta-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-methylcarboxyethyel)]sulphone;and phosphites and phosphonites such astri(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite anddi-tert-butylphenyl-phosphonite. Antioxidants can be used in amounts ofabout 0.1 to about 5 wt % based on the weight of the composition.

Examples of cross-linking agents are as follows: dicumyl peroxide;bis(alpha-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene; isopropylcumyl t-butylperoxide; t-butylcumylperoxide; di-t-butyl peroxide;2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane;2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexyne-3;1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane; isopropylcumylcumylperoxide; di(isopropylcumyl) peroxide; or mixtures thereof.Peroxide curing agents can be used in amounts of about 0.1 to 5 wt %based on the entire weight of the polymeric composition. Various otherknown curing co-agents, boosters, and retarders, can be used, such astriallyl isocyanurate, ethyoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate, α-methylstyrene dimer, and other co-agents described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,346,961and 4,018,852.

Examples of processing aids include but are not limited to metal saltsof carboxylic acids such as zinc stearate or calcium stearate; fattyacids such as stearic acid, oleic acid, or erucic acid; fatty amidessuch as stearamide, oleamide, erucamide, or n,n′-ethylenebisstearamide;polyethylene wax; oxidized polyethylene wax; polymers of ethylene oxide;copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; vegetable waxes;petroleum waxes; non ionic surfactants; and polysiloxanes. Processingaids can be used in amounts of about 0.05 to about 5 wt % based on theentire weight of the polymeric composition.

Still other additives that are not to be considered fillers includepolyethylene glycol; ethylenically unsaturated compounds having one ormore Si(OR)₃ groups, such as vinyltrimethoxysilane,vinyltriethoxysilane, and gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy-silane;dibutyltin dilaurate; dioctyltin maleate; dibutyltin diacetate; stannousacetate; lead naphthenate; zinc caprylate; and metal oxide stabilizers,such as lead oxide, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide.

As noted above, the polymeric composition can optionally also contain anethylene-based thermoplastic polymer. As used herein, “ethylene-based”polymers are polymers prepared from ethylene monomers as the primary(i.e., greater than 50 wt %) monomer component, though other co-monomersmay also be employed. As known in the art, “thermoplastic” polymers aretypically un-crosslinked polymers that become softer upon heating. Invarious embodiments, the ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer can be anethylene homopolymer. As used herein, “homopolymer” denotes a polymercomprising repeating units derived from a single monomer type, but doesnot exclude residual amounts of other components used in preparing thehomopolymer, such as chain transfer agents.

In an embodiment, the ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer can be anethylene/α-olefin interpolymer having an α-olefin content of at least 1wt %, at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt %, at least 20 wt%, or at least 25 wt % based on the entire interpolymer weight. Theseinterpolymers can have an α-olefin content of less than 50 wt %, lessthan 45 wt %, less than 40 wt %, or less than 35 wt % based on theweight of the interpolymer.

When an α-olefin is employed, the α-olefin can be a C₃₋₂₀ (i.e., having3 to 20 carbon atoms) linear, branched, or cyclic α-olefin. Examples ofC₃₋₂₀ α-olefins include propene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene,1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, and1-octadecene. The α-olefins can also have a cyclic structure such ascyclohexane or cyclopentane, resulting in an α-olefin such as3-cyclohexyl-1-propene (allyl cyclohexane) and vinyl cyclohexane.Illustrative ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers include ethylene/propylene,ethylene/butene, ethylene/1-hexene, ethylene/1-octene, ethylene/styrene,ethylene/propylene/1-octene, ethylene/propylene/butene, andethylene/butene/1-octene.

In various embodiments, the ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer can beused alone or in combination with one or more other types ofethylene-based thermoplastic polymers (e.g., a blend of two or moreethylene-based thermoplastic polymers that differ from one another bymonomer composition and content, catalytic method of preparation, etc).If a blend of ethylene-based thermoplastic polymers is employed, thepolymers can be blended by any in-reactor or post-reactor process.

In various embodiments, the ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer can beselected from the group consisting of low-density polyethylene (“LDPE”),linear-low-density polyethylene (“LLDPE”), very-low-density polyethylene(“VLDPE”), and combinations of two or more thereof.

In an embodiment, the ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer can be anLDPE. LDPEs are generally highly branched ethylene homopolymers, and canbe prepared via high pressure processes. LDPEs suitable for use hereincan have a density ranging from 0.910 to 0.930 g/cm³, from 0.917 to0.925 g/cm³, or from 0.919 to 0.924 g/cm³. LDPEs suitable for use hereincan have a melt index (I₂) ranging from 0.1 to 8.0 g/10 min Generally,LDPEs have a broad molecular weight distribution (“MWD”) resulting in ahigh PDI. LDPEs suitable for use herein can have a PDI ranging from 4.0to 12.0. PDIs provided herein are determined by gel permeationchromatography.

Examples of commercially available LDPEs that can be employed includeDFDA-1253 NT; DOW™ LDPE 132i; DOW™ LDPE 133A; DOW™ LDPE 501i; and DOW™LDPE 535i, all available from The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich.,USA.

In an embodiment, the ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer can be anLLDPE. LLDPEs are generally ethylene-based polymers having aheterogeneous distribution of comonomer (e.g., α-olefin monomer), andare characterized by short-chain branching. For example, LLDPEs can becopolymers of ethylene and α-olefin monomers, such as those describedabove. LLDPEs suitable for use herein can have a density ranging from0.917 to 0.941 g/cm³, from 0.918 to 0.930 g/cm³, or from 0.918 to 0.922g/cm³. LLDPEs suitable for use herein can have a melt index (I₂) rangingfrom 0.2 to 1.5 g/10 min, from 0.3 to 1.0 g/10 min, or from 0.5 to 0.8g/10 min LLDPEs suitable for use herein can have a PDI ranging from 2.5to 16.

Examples of commercially available LLDPEs that can be employed includeDFDA-7530 NT, and DFDA-7540 NT, both available from The Dow ChemicalCompany, Midland, Mich., USA.

In an embodiment, the ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer can be aVLDPE. VLDPEs may also be known in the art as ultra-low-densitypolyethylenes, or ULDPEs. VLDPEs are generally ethylene-based polymershaving a heterogeneous distribution of comonomer (e.g., α-olefinmonomer), and are characterized by short-chain branching. For example,VLDPEs can be copolymers of ethylene and α-olefin monomers, such as oneor more of those α-olefin monomers described above. VLDPEs suitable foruse herein can have a density ranging from 0.880 to 0.910 g/cm³, or from0.883 to 0.886 g/cm³. VLDPEs suitable for use herein can have a meltindex (I₂) ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 g/10 min, from 0.55 to 1.0 g/10 min,or from 0.60 to 0.90 g/10 min VLDPEs suitable for use herein can have aPDI ranging from 3 to 6, or from 4 to 5.

Examples of commercially available VLDPEs that can be employed includeFLEXOMER™ VLDPEs, such as DFDB-1085 NT, DFDA-1137 NT, ETS 9078 NT7, andETS 9066 NT7, each available from The Dow Chemical Company, Midland,Mich., USA.

In an embodiment, the ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer can comprisea combination of any two or more of the above-described ethylene-basedthermoplastic polymers.

Production processes used for preparing ethylene-based thermoplasticpolymers are wide, varied, and known in the art. Any conventional orhereafter discovered production process for producing ethylene-basedthermoplastic polymers having the properties described above may beemployed for preparing the ethylene-based thermoplastic polymersdescribed herein.

The polymeric composition can comprise the above-described elastomercomponent in an amount ranging from 40 to 98 wt %, from 45 to 85 wt %,from 50 to 80 wt %, or from 53 to 76 wt %, based on the entire polymericcomposition weight. The filler can be present in the polymericcomposition in an amount ranging from 1 to 50 wt %, from 5 to 40 wt %,from 10 to 32 wt %, or from 15 to 20 wt %, based on the entire polymericcomposition weight. Additionally, the ethylene-based thermoplasticpolymer, when employed, can be present in an amount ranging from 1 to 10wt %, from 1.5 to 5 wt %, or from 2 to 3 wt %, based on the entirepolymeric composition weight.

The polymeric composition comprising the elastomer and the filler (i.e.,amorphous silica), and optionally the ethylene-based thermoplasticpolymer, can be prepared by any conventional or hereafter discoveredmethods. For example, preparation of the polymeric composition cancomprise compounding the above-described components. Compounding of thepolymeric composition can be effected by standard equipment known tothose skilled in the art. Examples of compounding equipment are internalbatch mixers, such as a Brabender™, Banbury™, or Bolling™ mixer.Alternatively, continuous single or twin screw, mixers can be used, suchas a Farrel™ continuous mixer, a Werner and Pfleiderer™ twin screwmixer, or a Buss™ kneading continuous extruder. Compounding can beperformed at a temperature of greater than the melting temperature ofthe elastomer or, if present, greater than the melting temperature ofthe ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer, whichever is greater, and upto a temperature above which the elastomer begins to degrade or up to atemperature at which the ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer, ifpresent, begins to degrade, whichever is less. In various embodiments,compounding can be performed at a temperature ranging from 100 to 230°C., or from 110 to 180° C.

In various embodiments, the polymeric composition can optionally becrosslinked. This can be accomplished by first preparing a crosslinkablepolymeric composition in two steps. In the first step, theethylene/α-olefin based elastomer, the filler, and optionally theethylene-based thermoplastic polymer are combined with the additivesexcept the crosslinking agent (typically an organic peroxide) andcompounded as described above. Then the temperature of this compoundedmixture is lowered to 110 to 120° C. The temperature may be lowered byany number of procedures with the two most common practices being toeither remove the compounded material from the mixer, cooling to lessthan 100° C. and then reloading the compounded material to either themixer or a two roll mill and operating in a temperature range of 110 to120° C. Another typical process is to cool the compounded material inthe mixer to the 110 to 120° C. temperature range. The crosslinkingadditive is then mixed into the compounded material. The material isthen removed and cooled to room temperature, forming the crosslinkablepolymeric composition. The material is crosslinked by exposing thecrosslinkable polymeric composition to a temperature above 160° C. toinitiate decomposition of the peroxide for the crosslinking process.Crosslinking with peroxides can be conducted under pressure to preventvoid formation.

It should be noted that, although a crosslinking procedure has just beendescribed, the polymeric composition described above may be employed ineither its thermoplastic state (i.e., un-crosslinked) or its thermosetstate (i.e., crosslinked).

Coated Conductor

A cable comprising a conductor and an insulation layer can be preparedemploying the above-described polymeric composition. “Cable” and “powercable” mean at least one wire or optical fiber within a sheath, e.g., aninsulation covering or a protective outer jacket. Typically, a cable istwo or more wires or optical fibers bound together, typically in acommon insulation covering and/or protective jacket. The individualwires or fibers inside the sheath may be bare, covered or insulated.Combination cables may contain both electrical wires and optical fibers.Typical cable designs are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,246,783,6,496,629 and 6,714,707. “Conductor” denotes one or more wire(s) orfiber(s) for conducting heat, light, and/or electricity. The conductormay be a single-wire/fiber or a multi-wire/fiber and may be in strandform or in tubular form. Non-limiting examples of suitable conductorsinclude metals such as silver, gold, copper, carbon, and aluminum. Theconductor may also be optical fiber made from either glass or plastic.

Such a cable can be prepared with various types of extruders (e.g.,single or twin screw types) by extruding the polymeric composition ontothe conductor, either directly or onto an interceding layer. Adescription of a conventional extruder can be found in U.S. Pat. No.4,857,600. An example of co-extrusion and an extruder therefore can befound in U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,965.

Optionally, following extrusion, the extruded cable can pass into aheated cure zone downstream of the extrusion die to aid in cross-linkingthe polymeric composition and thereby produce a cross-linked polymericcomposition. The heated cure zone can be maintained at a temperature inthe range of 175 to 260° C. In an embodiment, the heated cure zone is acontinuous vulcanization (“CV”) tube. In various embodiments, thecross-linked polymeric composition can then be cooled and degassed.

Alternatively, if the polymeric composition is to remain un-crosslinked,the extruded cable can pass into a cooling zone, such as a water trough,to be cooled.

Alternating-current cables prepared according to the present disclosurecan be low-voltage, medium-voltage, high-voltage, or extra-high-voltagecables. Further, direct-current cables prepared according to the presentdisclosure include high or extra-high-voltage cables. In an embodiment,the coated conductor is a medium-voltage cable. Additionally, cablesprepared according to the present disclosure can have target voltageratings ranging from 200 V up to 50 kV, from 1 kV up to 50 kV, from 1 kVup to 30 kV, or from 5 kV up to 45 kV.

TEST METHODS Density

Density is determined according to ASTM D 792 or 1505.

Melt Index

Melt index, or I₂, is measured in accordance by ASTM D 1238, Condition190° C./2.16 kg, and is reported in grams eluted per 10 minutes.

Mooney Viscosity

Mooney Viscosity is measured in accordance with ASTM D 1646 using thelarge rotor, a 1-minute specimen preheat time and taking the reading at4 minutes after starting the motor. For the EPDM elastomer, the test isconducted at 125° C. For the ethylene-butene and ethylene-octeneelastomers the test is conducted at 121° C.

Rheological Evaluations

Capillary rheology assessments are conducted on Bohlin InstrumentsRosand Capillary Rheometer (RH7) at a temperature of 140° C. with a 1 mmdiameter, 20:1 L/D die. Non-peroxide-containing samples are conditionedin the chamber for 12 minutes at 140° C.; then, the test is initiatedwith measurements collected at piston speeds of 1.0, 2.0, 3.9, 7.7,14.9, 29.0, 56.4, 109.8, and 213.6 mm/minute. Extrudate samples arecollected at each piston speed and visually characterized for meltfracture under 10× magnification.

A TA Instruments Rheometrics SR200 is used to measure the creep andrecovery times for the sample at a temperature of 190° C. using a 25-mmplate. The zero shear viscosity is calculated from this data using itsrheological software that identifies a steady flow state and calculatesthe zero viscosity at this condition.

Flexural Modulus

An Instron Tester using Test Works Software is used to measure theflexural modulus. Testing is conducted per ASTM D790 using three pointbending with a 2-inch span between the supports. A press-cured (i.e.,compression-molded) plaque sample (½ inch wide, 125 mil thick) is usedfor the measurements.

Dissipation Factor

A Guildline High Voltage Capacitance Bridge, Model 9910A, is used on50-mil thick press-cured (i.e., compression-molded) plaque specimens perASTM D150. A silicone spray is applied to each side of the plaque toprevent the sample sticking to the instrument platens. The sample isplaced in the test unit at room temperature. The unit's Oscilloscope(9430 detector) is turned on and a sensitivity setting of 1 is used. TheCx/Cs (capacitance setting) is adjusted to bring the two circles in theoscilloscope screen into phase to obtain one straight horizontal(flat/closed) line. Then a sensitivity of 2 is selected and the Cx/Cs(capacitance setting) is adjusted to bring the two circles in theoscilloscope screen into phase to obtain one straight horizontal(flat/closed) line. This same procedure is repeated for a sensitivitysetting of 3. At a sensitivity of 4, a similar procedure is followed andan initial dissipation factor is obtained from the equipment. At asensitivity of 5, using a similar procedure, the Cx/Cs (capacitancesetting) is adjusted to bring the oscilloscope's circles in phase, andthe dissipation factor control is adjusted until the circles condenseinto a flat line to obtain an exact dissipation factor reading. Thisexact dissipation factor is recorded for the sample.

Compression Molding

Sample preparation for press-cured samples involves compression moldingthe crosslinkable material in an electric Wabash Gensis press using acompression mold thickness of 50 mils or 125 mils. The press is operatedby:

-   3 minutes Low Pressure (500 psi) @125° C.;-   5 minutes High Pressure (2500 psi) @125° C.;-   Quench cool;-   Remove from plaque and cut it into four pieces;-   Place back into plaque mold and repress;-   3 minutes Low Pressure (500 psi) @125° C. and gradually raise to    High Pressure (2500 psi) @125° C.;-   20 minutes High Pressure (2500 psi) @190° C. to Crosslink;-   Quench cool;-   Prepare test specimen.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Extrudate Surface Quality Comparison

Prepare three Comparative Samples (CS A-C) and seven Samples (S1-7)according to the formulations provided in Table 1, below. Prepare thesamples in a Brabender mixing bowl at a temperature of 140° C. byadding, with the rotors at 20 RPM, approximately ⅔ of the elastomer, allthe DXM-446, and the ERD-90 and fluxing the material. Add the clay orsilica filler, Agerite MA, Kadox 920, PAC-473 and Antilux 654 and mixfor less than two minutes. Add the remaining elastomer polymer and fluxthe polymer. Mix for 5 minutes at a rotor speed 30 RPM. Remove thematerial from the mixer.

The elastomer employed in this example is EPDM, and is commerciallyavailable under the trade name NORDEL™ IP 3722 from The Dow ChemicalCompany, Midland, Mich., USA. NORDEL™ IP 3722 has a density range of0.86 to 0.88 g/cm³ and a Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4 at 250° C.) of 10 to30. DXM-446 is an LDPE, which is prepared by The Dow Chemical Company.DXM-446 has a density ranging from 0.920 to 0.93 g/cm³ and a melt indexranging from 1.8 to 2.6. Agerite MA is a polymerized 1,2dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl quinoline antioxidant, which is commerciallyavailable from R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Norwalk, Conn., USA. KADOX™ 920is zinc oxide, commercially available from Horsehead Corporation,Pittsburgh, Pa., USA. BURGESS™ KE is a commercially available clayfiller, described as a surface-modified, calcined aluminum silicate.BURGESS™ KE is available from the Burgess Pigment Company, Sandersville,Ga., USA. ENOVA™ IC 3100 is an amorphous silica aerogel available fromthe Cabot Corporation, Boston, Mass., USA. CAB-O-SIL™ 720 is a fumedsilica having a polydimethylsiloxane surface treatment, available fromthe Cabot Corporation, Boston, Mass., USA. FLOWSPERSE™ PAC-473 is asilane in wax carrier, commercially available from Flow Polymers, LLC,Cleveland, Ohio, USA. ANTILUX™ 654 is a paraffin wax, commerciallyavailable from Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH, Mannheim, Germany.Polydispersion ERD-90 is lead oxide in an EPDM rubber carrier,commercially available from Hammond Lead Products, Hammond, Ind., USA.

TABLE 1 CS A-C and S1-7 Compositions CS A CS B CS C S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7Nordel IP 3722 (wt %) 54.1 66.8 74.4 54.1 66.3 71.4 76.4 54.1 66.3 76.4DXM-446 (wt %) 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 Agerite MA (wt %)0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Kadox 920 (wt %) 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.13.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 31 Burgess KE (wt %) 32.5 20.0 15.2 — — — — — — —Enova IC 3100 (wt %) — — — 32.5 20.3 15.2 10.1 — — — Cab-O-Sil 720 (wt%) — — — — — — — 32.5 20.3 10.1 FlowSperse PAC-473 (wt %) 1.3 1.3 1.31.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Antilux 654 (wt %) 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.72.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 Polydispersion ERD-90 (wt %) 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.72.7 2.7 2.7 Total: 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Analyze Comparative Samples CS A-C and Samples S1-7 for rheologicalproperties according to the procedures described above. Results areprovided in Table 2, below.

TABLE 2 Rheological Properties of CS A-C and S1-7 CS A CS B CS C S1 S2S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Zero shear viscosity: 1.28 × 1.004 × 8.154 × 3.055 ×2.715 × 8.16 × 1.751 × 1.027 × 3.348 × 3.233 × SR200, Creep & E5 E5 E4E8 E7 E6 E6 E8 E6 E5 Recovery at 190° C. (Pa * s) Viscosity (Pa * s) at629 754 625 72 1331 819 800 N/A 532 487 onset of melt (444 (315 (366(7400 (224 (391 (356 (719 (633 fracture (shear rate) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s)1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) Shear Stress (kPa) 279 238 229 533 298 320 285N/A 382 308 at onset of melt (444 (315 (366 (7440 (224 (391 (356 (719(633 fracture (shear rate 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s)1/s) Extrudate Surface Quality Speed (mm/min.)  1.0 S S S S S S S S S S 2.0 S S S S Onset S S S S S  3.9 Onset Onset Onset S MF Onset Onset S SS  7.7 MF MF MF S MF MF MF S Onset Onset  14.9 MF MF MF S MF MF MF S MFMF  29.0 MF MF GMF Onset MF MF GMF S MF GMF  56.4 MF GMF GMF MF MF MFGMF S GMF GMF 109.8 MF GMF GMF MF MF MF MF S GMF GMF 213.6 MF GMF GMF MFMF MF MF NS GMF MF S = Smooth NS = no sample collected Onset = onset ofmelt fracturing MF = melt fractured GMF = grossly melt fractured

The data provided in Table 2, above, indicates that the amorphous silicafiller level can be lowered to enable improved melt fracture whilemaintaining a zero shear viscosity level comparable to formulationshaving higher clay filler loadings. This result demonstrates thatformulations containing amorphous silica as substantially the onlyfiller will allow extruded formulations to better maintain their productdimensions after extrusion. Additionally, even at the same fillerloading levels, later onset of melt fracture using the amorphous silicafiller will allow processing of extruded articles at higher speeds.

Example 2— Flexural Modulus

Measure the flexural modulus of Comparative Sample CS A, and Samples S1and S5 after crosslinking the samples by first adding 1.33 wt % ofPerkadox BC-FF peroxide to each sample, then curing the test specimen ina compression molding press according to the above-described procedure.PERKADOX™ BC-FF is a dicumyl peroxide, available from Akzo Nobel N.V.,Amsterdam, Netherlands. The flexural modulus of CS A is 4,975 psi (34.30MPa), flexural modulus of S1 is 6,146 psi (42.38 MPa), and the flexuralmodulus of S5 is 6,622 psi (45.66 MPa).

Example 3 Effect of Filler Loading on Dissipation Factor and FlexuralModulus

Prepare two additional Comparative Samples (CS D and CS E). CS Dcontains no clay filler and 85.43 weight percent of NORDEL™ IP 3722, butis otherwise identical to CS A-C, described above in Example 1. CS Econtains 10 wt % clay filler (BURGESS™ KE) and 75.43 wt % NORDEL™ IP3722, but is otherwise identical to CS A-C, described above inExample 1. Crosslink Comparative Samples CS A, CS D, and CS E by adding1.33 wt % peroxide to the samples and curing the samples according tothe same procedure described in Example 2 and the Test Methods section,above. Evaluate Comparative Samples CS A, CS D, and CS E for dissipationfactor (“DF”) and flexural modulus according to the method providedabove. CS D, with no clay filler, has a DF of 0.002594 and a flexuralmodulus of 28.165 MPa; CS E, with 10 wt % clay filler, has a DF of0.003706 and a flexural modulus of 34.42 MPA; and CS A, with 32.03 wt %clay filler, has a DF of 0.010494 and a flexural modulus of 59.317 MPa.This result indicates that higher filler loadings increase thecomposition's dissipation factor as well as its flexural modulus.

Example 4 Additional Samples for Extrudate Surface Quality Analysis

Prepare one additional Comparative Sample (CS F) and 12 additionalSamples (S8-S19) according to the formulations provided in Table 3,below. In these Samples, the elastomer is either ENGAGE™ 7447 or ENGAGE™8200. ENGAGE™ 7447 is an ethylene-butene elastomer available from TheDow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich., USA. ENGAGE™ 7447 has a densityranging from 0.862 to 0.868 g/cm³, an I₂ of from 4.0 to 6.0 g/10 min., atotal crystallinity of 13%, a Shore A hardness of 64, a DSC melting peakof 25° C. (rate 10° C./min), and a Tg of −53° C. (DSC deflection point).ENGAGE™ 8200 is an ethylene-octene elastomer available from The DowChemical Company, Midland, Mich., USA. ENGAGE™ 8200 has a densityranging from 0.867 to 0.873 g/cm³, an I₂ of from 4.0 to 6.0 g/10 min., atotal crystallinity of 19%, a Shore A hardness of 66, a DSC melting peakof 59° C. (rate 10° C./min), and a Tg of −53° C. (DSC deflection point).The remaining components are the same as described above in Example 1.

TABLE 3 CS F and S8-19 Compositions CS F S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15S16 S17 S18 S19 Engage 7447 53.4 53.4 56.07 70.43 53.4 56.07 70.43 — — —— — — (wt %) Engage 8200 — — — — — — — 53.4 56.07 70.43 53.4 56.07 70.43(wt %) DXM-446 2.67 2.67 — 2.67 2.67 — 2.67 2.67 — 2.67 2.67 — 2.67 (wt%) Agerite MA 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 (wt %)Kadox 920 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 (wt %)Burgess KE 32.03 — — — — — — — — — — — — (wt %) Enova IC — 32.03 32.0315 — — — 32.03 32.03 15 — — — 3100 (wt %) Cab-O-Sil — — — — 32.03 32.0315 — — — 32.03 32.03 15 720 (wt %) FlowSperse 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.331.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 PAC-473 (wt %) Antilux 654 2.672.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 (wt %) Poly-2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67dispersion ERD-90 (wt %) Perkadox 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.331.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 BC-ff (wt %) Total: 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Analyze Comparative Sample CS F and Samples S8-19 for rheologicalproperties according to the procedures described above. Results areprovided in Table 4, below.

TABLE 4 Rheological Properties of CS F and S8-19 CS F S8 S9 S10 S11 S12S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 Viscosity (Pa * s) at 548 30 14 825 N/A N/A866 N/A N/A 732 N/A N/A 277 onset of melt (644 (18572 (41645 (390 (333(361 (1215 fracture (shear 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) rate)Shear Stress (kPa) 353 557 602 322 N/A N/A 288 N/A N/A 264 N/A N/A 336at onset of melt (644 (18572 (41645 (390 (333 (361 (1215 fracture (shearrate 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) 1/s) Extrudate Surface QualitySpeed (mm/min.)  1.0 S S S S S S S S S S S S R  2.0 S S S S S S S S SOnset S S R  3.9 S S S MF S S MF S S MF S S R  7.7 MF S S MF S S NS S SMF S S Onset  14.9 MF S S R S S NS S S MF S S MF  29.0 MF S S MF S S NSR S MF S S MF  56.4 MF Onset S MF S S NS R R R S S MF 109.8 MF MF S NSNS NS NS R R R R NS MF 213.6 MF MF Onset MF NS NS NS R R R R NS MF S =Smooth R = Rough, but not typical melt fracture appearance NS = nosample collected Onset = onset of melt fracturing MF = melt fractured

1. A polymeric composition for use in coated conductors, said polymericcomposition comprising: (a) an ethylene/α-olefin-based elastomer; and(b) a filler, wherein said filler consists essentially of an amorphoussilica, and wherein said filler is present in an amount ranging from 10to 32 weight percent, based on the entire polymeric composition weight,wherein said amorphous silica is solid at 22° C. and standardatmospheric pressure, wherein the amorphous silica is selected from thegroup consisting of silica aerogels, fumed silica, and combinationsthereof, wherein the fumed silica is treated with a surface treatment.2. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein said amorphous silicais selected from the group consisting of silica gels, silica aerogels,fumed silica, and combinations thereof.
 3. The polymeric composition ofclaim 1, wherein said ethylene/α-olefin-based elastomer is selected fromthe group consisting of an ethylene/propylene copolymer,ethylene/α-butene copolymer, an ethylene/α-hexene copolymer, anethylene/α-octene copolymer, an ethylene-propylene-diene monomer(“EPDM”), and combinations of two or more thereof.
 4. The polymericcomposition of claim 1, wherein said ethylene/α-olefin-based elastomeris an EPDM polymer.
 5. The polymeric composition of claim 1, whereinsaid ethylene/α-olefin-based elastomer is present in an amount rangingfrom 40 to 98 weight percent, based on the entire polymeric compositionweight.
 6. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein said fillerconsists of said amorphous silica.
 7. The polymeric composition of claim1, further comprising (c) an ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer,wherein said ethylene-based thermoplastic polymer is present in anamount ranging from 1 to 10 weight percent, based on the entirepolymeric composition weight.
 8. A coated conductor comprising: (a) aconductive core; and (b) an insulation layer at least partiallysurrounding said conductive core, wherein at least a portion of saidinsulation layer consists of the polymeric composition of claim
 1. 9.The coated conductor of claim 8, wherein said coated conductor is ratedfor use at voltages from 200 volts to 50,000 volts.
 10. The polymericcomposition of claim 1, wherein the surface treatment is apolydimethylsiloxane coating.